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SSL
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(Secure Sockets Layer) The leading security protocol on the Internet. Developed by Netscape, SSL is widely used to do two things: to validate the identity of a Web site and to create an encrypted connection for sending credit card and other personal data. Look for a lock icon at the top or bottom of your browser when you order merchandise on the Web. If the lock is closed, you are on a secure SSL or TLS connection (see TLS).



HTTPS and Port Number 443
An SSL session is started by sending a request to the Web server with an HTTPS prefix in the URL, which causes port number 443 to be placed into the packets. Port 443 is the number assigned to the SSL application on the server (see well-known port).

The Handshake
After the two sides acknowledge each other, the browser sends the server a list of algorithms it supports, and the server responds with its choice and a signed digital certificate. From an internal list of certificate authorities (CAs) and their public keys, the browser uses the appropriate public key to validate the signed certificate. Both sides also send each other random numbers. For more details on certificates, see digital certificate.

Data for Secret Keys Is Passed
The browser extracts the public key of the Web site from the server's certificate and uses it to encrypt a pre-master key and send it to the server. At each end, the client and server independently use the pre-master key and random numbers passed earlier to generate the secret keys used to encrypt and decrypt the rest of the session. See TLS, server-gated cryptography, security protocol and public key cryptography.




The SSL Handshake
These steps take place to negotiate an SSL session before any user data are transmitted. Steps 5 and 6 verify the integrity of the handshake, ensuring that nobody tampered with any messages. These checksums are called "message authentication codes" (see MAC).
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